Winter Blues or Something More?

Feeling more down during the frozen months of winter? You’re not alone. As temperatures drop and daylight hours shrink, many people notice a shift in their mood and energy levels. For some, this seasonal slump is temporary. For others, it may be something more than just the “winter blues.”

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) affects an estimated 5% of individuals each year (Psychiatry.org). While SAD is not a standalone diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR, it is recognized as a subtype of depression—Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with seasonal pattern.

Who Is Most Affected?

The prevalence of SAD varies, but research shows it is more common in:

• Individuals living in northern geographic regions

• Younger populations

• Women

Recognizing the Symptoms

Symptoms of SAD typically begin in the fall and winter months, though a less common form occurs during the spring and summer. To meet diagnostic criteria for SAD, an individual must first meet the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. This includes experiencing at least five of the following symptoms for a minimum of two consecutive weeks:

• Persistent feelings of depression most of the day

• Changes in appetite

• Low energy or fatigue

• Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness

• Difficulty concentrating

• Irritability or agitation

• Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities

• Changes in sleep patterns

• Thoughts of suicide

Seasonal patterns may influence how symptoms appear. During fall and winter, weight gain and increased sleep are more common. In contrast, the spring and summer type of SAD is more often associated with weight loss, insomnia, and in some cases, increased irritability or aggressive behavior.

What distinguishes SAD from non-seasonal MDD is its predictable timing—symptoms typically last about four to five months and reduce greatly or resolve as the seasons change.

Treatment Options

Effective treatments are available. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been shown to significantly reduce symptoms of MDD, including SAD. Other helpful interventions may include:

• Medication

• Light therapy (sun lamps)

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, early recognition and treatment can make a meaningful difference in symptom severity and overall quality of life. If seasonal mood changes are interfering with your daily functioning, it may be worth looking beyond the winter blues. Reaching out to a mental health professional can help determine whether SAD or another form of depression may be present—and guide you toward effective support. (nimh.nih.gov)